Prepositions are words that specify place, direction, and time. There are three types of prepositions. 
1}  Time prepositions,
2} Place prepositions,
3} Direction prepositions,

1} Time prepositions,
Time prepositions define time. Prepositions usually come before a noun or pronoun. Prepositions never come after a verb.

After- I'll be there after work.
Around-  We will be there around 3 PM.
Before-  I'll be there before I go to school.
Between-  I'll be there between 3:00 and 5:00.
By-  I'll be there by the time that you leave for work.
During-  I'll be there during your class.
For-   I'll be there for your birthday.
Past-  I wasn't there for the past 2 months.
Since-  I didn't see her since I was 10 years old.
Until-  I'll not be home until 7:00 PM.
Within-  I'll be there within 2 hours. 



AT                                                               ON                                               IN
a specific time                                    days and date                         period of time ,
                                                                                                                  years, months,
                                                                                                                       seasons
example:
at 2:00                                             on my birthday                            in a few days 
at lunch time                               on the first day                              in a couple 
                                                           of school                                         of months
at 4:00 PM                                 on 11/10/99                                    in the summer

In english we say:
in the morning-      'coz it is considered a period of time,
in the afternoon,
in the evening,
at night

2} Place prepositions,
Place propositions clarify the place, someone/ somebody.  
common place prepositions:
Aboard-  She is abroad the boat.
Above-  The picture is above the sofa.
Across-  My house is across the street.
Against-  The desk is against the wall.
Around-  My house is around the block.
At-  Is youe house at the end of the street.
At the back of-  We are going to sit at the back of the theater.
At the bottom of-  The coins are at the bottom of the lake.
At the top-  The books are at the top of the shelves.
Between-  We sit between the two boys.
Behind-  The gals sit behind the two boys.
Below-   The desk is below the window.
By -   The books are by the door.
In-    I live in the big green and white house.
Inside-  I live inside the big green house.
On the corner of-   We live on the corner of 3rd avenue.
In the middle of-      We live in the middle of the street.
Near-  I don't live near the supermarket.
Next to-  I live next to my best friend.
To the left of-     The blue box is to the left of the green box.
To the right of-      The orange box is to the right of the yellow box.
On-    The sun heater is on the top of building.
On the side of-   There is a big sign on the side of the house.
On top of-    There is a man on the top of the roof.
On the other side of-   Do you see what is going on over there on the other side of the roof?
Opposite-  The post office is on the opposite side of the street.
Outside-  The car is outside the garage.
Under-  The blanket is under the bed in the box.
Underneath- The pen is underneath the box.

3} Directions propositions:
Direction prepositions are used to clarify the direction of someone or somethig .
Examples,
Under,
Over, 
Right,
Left etc.....
                                                           

After although we use a subject + verb:

 

• Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.

• I didn't get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications.

 

Compare the meaning of although and because:

• We went out although it was raining.

• We didn't go out because it was raining.

 

After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -ing:

• In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.

• I didn't get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications.

• She wasn't well, but in spite of this she went to work.

• In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.

 

Despite is the same as in spite of. Note that we say 'in spite of, but despite (without 'of'):

• She wasn't well, but despite this she went to work, (not 'despite of this')

 

You can say 'in spite of the fact (that)...' and 'despite the fact (that)...':

 

I didn’t get the job in spite of the fact that I had all the necessary qualifications

I didn’t get the job despite the fact (that) I had all the necessary qualifications.

 

Compare in spite of and because of:

• We went out in spite of the rain, (or ...despite the rain.)

• We didn't go out because of the rain.

 

Compare although and in spite of / despite:

• Although the traffic was bad. I arrived on time. (not in spite of the traffic was bad)

In spite of the traffic, I arrived on time. (not in spite of the traffic was bad)

 

I couldn’t sleep although I was very tired (not despite I was tired)

I couldn’t sleep despite being very tired (not despite I was tired)

Happy Sepandarmazgan 



Happy  Sepandarmazgan

Sepandarmazgan is the celebration day of Love, Friendship and Earth in ancient Persian culture.

According to Iranian tradition, the day of Sepandarmazgan was bring held in the Great Persian Empire in the 20^th century BC That is the national title of the Earth and the Earth is the symbol of Love & modesty.

This day is registered on Bahman 29^th in the Iranian Calendar .Only 3 days After Valentine.

Persians have a rich culture with many great feasts based on natural occasions that have been mixed up with happiness & Joy.

In the feast of Sepandarmazgan, Earth was worshiped and women venerated. On this day, Women and girls sat on the throne and men and boys had to obey them and bring them presents and gifts. In this way, men were reminded to acclaim and respect women.

Sepandarmaz is another name for mainyu (earth) meaning Holy, Humble & Passionate.

Also Sepandarmaz is Earth Guardian Angel .It is the symbol of humbleness, it means modest toward the entire creation. These are the qualities attributed to Earth that spreads beneath our feet, thus the symbol of modesty and love. As human beings, there are creatures that we find unpleasant and repulsive, but Earth is not like us. She embraces all creatures the same and loves them the same; like a mother who loves all children alike, even when they are ugly. In our ancient culture, mother is symbolized by sepandarmaz or earth. Have you ever seen a Love more sacred than Mother’s Love to children?

Why is the fifth of Espand called Sepandarmazgan?

In ancient  Iran” each day of the month had a name, and all months had 30days. For example, the first day was called Ahuramazda, the second day; Bahman which is the first attribute of God, the third day was called Ordibehesht meaning truth and purity which again are attributes of God. The fourth day is called Shahrivar, meaning ideal kingship that belongs to God who rules the whole universe. The cryptic meaning of this word is that in the same way that God rules over the heavenly bodies, we should rule our bodies with good thoughts, words and deeds. This brings us to the fifth day Sepandarmaz. Another rule here was that whenever the name of a day coincided with that of the month, a feast was held. So we have the feast of sepandarmazgan on the sepandarmaz day of the month of Esfand (originallySpand or Espand). Similarly, the 16^th day of any month is called Mehr and we have the feast of Mehrgan on the 16^th day of the month of Mehr which was one of the most important feasts of the past. The day of Aban in the month of Aban is the day of another feast called Abangan, and was used as an occasion to appreciate and worship water and the day of Azar in the month of Azar, called Azargan was the feast of appreciation of fire and so forth. In the feast ofSepandarmazgan, Earth was worshiped and women venerated. On this day, Royal women and girls sat on the throne and men and boys had to obey them and bring those presents and gifts. In this way, men were reminded to acclaim and respect women.

And after the Persian calendar is changed The six first months have 31days and the last five months have 30 days and only Esfand has 29 days that will change to 30 days in a four years period and Sepandarmazgan moved from 5^th of Esfand 29^th of Bahman, *17^th Feb*.

Happy Sepandarmazgan …

Happy Love & Friendship day…

Happy Valentine

Basic part-1

I have + (noun)

By using the words 'I have' you are informing someone of something you have possession of or have acquired.

Here are some examples:

"I have a cat."
"I have a nice car."
"I have a house."
"I have a computer."
"I have a headache."

You may hear the words 'cannot' and 'won't' used with 'I have.' By adding these you can express what you will not put up with or allow.

Here are some examples:

"I cannot have that behavior in my house."
"I cannot have you over tonight."
"I won't have anything to do with that."
"I won't have it any other way.”

I have + (past participle)

Again, 'I have' shows possession or something acquired. By adding a past participle you are informing someone of a past or completed action done by you.

Here are some examples:

"I have done it."
"I have heard that before."
"I have driven a car."
"I have forgotten the words."
"I have read that book."
"I have eaten at that restaurant before."
"I have flown in an airplane."
"I have forgiven you."
"I have seen you before."
"I have written a letter."

 

I used to + (verb)

'Used to' expresses something that was done in the past, and is not usually done now.

Here are some examples:

"I used to develop websites."
"I used to jog every day."
"I used to paint."
"I used to smoke."
"I used to work from home."
"I used to live in California."
"I used to go to the beach every day."
"I used to sing in a choir."
"I used to like vegetables."
"I used to start work at 6 o'clock."

 

I have to + (verb)

The words 'have to' describe something that needs to take place soon. It expresses certainty, necessity, or obligation.

Here are some examples:

"I have to switch schools."
"I have to use the telephone."
"I have to go to the bathroom."
"I have to leave."
"I have to unpack my bags."

You can also add the word 'don't' to suggest that someone is not required to do something.

"I don't have to switch schools."
"I don't have to use the telephone."
"I don't have to go to the bathroom."
"I don't have to leave."
"I don't have to unpack my bags.

I wanna + (verb)

The word 'wanna' is incorrect grammatically. It is equivalent to 'want to.' When combined with the word 'I' it helps communicate something you want to do.

Here are some examples:

"I wanna talk."
"I wanna search for a job."
"I wanna order some food."
"I wanna marry her."
"I wanna listen to that song."

By adding the word 'don't' you can change the meaning of what you are saying to something you 'want' to do to something you 'do not' want to do.

Here are some examples:

"I don't wanna talk."
"I don't wanna search for a job."
"I don't wanna marry her."
"I don't wanna listen to that song."
"I don't wanna order some food."

I would like to + (verb)

This sentence lets someone know what you would be interested in doing. This can be a physical, mental or verbal action.

Here are some examples:

"I would like to answer that question."
"I would like to compete in a cooking contest."
"I would like to explain myself."
"I would like to invite you over."
"I would like to practice."
"I would like to become a doctor."
"I would like to see you more often."
"I would like to thank you."
"I would like to learn about animals."
"I would like to meet the President."

I plan to + (verb)

'Plan to' describes something that you would like to do in the near future.

Here are some examples:

"I plan to find a new apartment."
"I plan to relax on vacation."
"I plan to surprise my parents."
"I plan to wash my car."
"I plan to adopt a child."
"I plan to impress my boss."
"I plan to watch a movie."
"I plan to save more money."
"I plan to read a book."
"I plan to learn new things."

I've decided to + (verb)

'I've' is short for 'I have' and including the word 'decided' you are stating that you have made a decision or come to a conclusion.

Here are some examples:

"I've decided to accept the job."
"I've decided to complete my degree."
"I've decided to change my bad habits."
"I've decided to extend my membership at the gym."
"I've decided to form a chess club."
"I've decided to hand over my responsibilities."
"I've decided to help you move."
"I've decided to interview for the job."
"I've decided to increase my work load."
"I've decided to manage a store."

I was about to + (verb)

When stating 'I was about to' you are informing someone that you are going to be doing something at that moment or in the very near future.

Here are some examples:

"I was about to go out."
"I was about to go to dinner."
"I was about to go to bed."
"I was about to go to work."
"I was about to say the same thing."
"I was about to call you."
"I was about to send you an email."
"I was about to mow my grass."
"I was about to order us some drinks."
"I was about to watch television."

I don't have time to + (verb)

The word 'don't' is a contraction of the words 'do not.' When adding 'have time to' you are simply stating that you have other obligations and all other things considered must wait.

Here are some examples:

"I don't have time to explain."
"I don't have time to eat."
"I don't have time to exercise."
"I don't have time to watch my favorite TV show."
"I don't have time to talk."

You can also use the phrase 'I don't' to express things you do not like, things you do not understand, or things you do not do.

Here are some examples:

"I don't eat meat."
"I don't like the rain."
"I don't understand Spanish."
"I do not understand what you are saying."
"I do not like scary movies."
"I do not like sports."

 

I'm here to + (verb)

You are informing someone that you are at a particular place to accomplish something.

Here are some examples:

"I'm here to apply for the job."
"I'm here to take a test."
"I'm here to receive my gift."
"I'm here to support all your decisions."
"I'm here to watch a movie."
"I'm here to work on your computer."
"I'm here to welcome you to the neighborhood."
"I'm here to raise awareness for cancer."
"I'm here to start the job."
"I'm here to receive the award."

I have something + (verb)

When using the expression 'I have something' you are communicating that you possess something or need to do something that is unspecified or undetermined.

Here are some examples:

"I have something to complete."
"I have something to share with you."
"I have something important to tell you."
"I have something to encourage you."
"I have something to explain to you."
"I have something special planned for your birthday."
"I have something else to consider."
"I have something to apologize about."
"I have something to attend tonight."
"I have something to ask you."
"I have something fun for us to do."

I'm looking forward to

When telling someone that you are 'looking forward to' you are saying that you are waiting or hoping for something, especially with pleasure.

Here are some examples:

"I'm looking forward to meeting you."
"I'm looking forward to talking with you."
"I'm looking forward to going on vacation."
"I'm looking forward to spending time with my family."
"I'm looking forward to learning the English language."
"I am looking forward to visiting another country."
"I am looking forward to having a family."
"I am looking forward to graduating from college."
"I am looking forward to watching the baseball game."
"I am looking forward to running in a race."

 

 

Tall, high, great

TALL        HIGH        GREAT

 

   TALL        opposite:       SHORT

>  Tall : Having greater than ordinary height (people, buildings...) 

                                                                                                              

 a  tall man                       a man of average size          a short man            the tallest tower in France          a tall bookcase                                      

                                                                    

Question and answer: How tall are you ?   I am five feet, six inches tall

 =============================================

HIGH    ----->  opposite      LOW 
Having a relatively great elevation; extending far upward

                                           

                    The airship flies high among the clouds .                    The plane flies low over the house. 

                                 

                      high jump                 The sun is high in the sky

 

     high speed     

  high temperaturehigh wind  the music is too loud

                                                                                                                           

 Like many actors I had high hopes when I first started.

  high opinion                 high interest                  high principles        It's high time we 'left'   (preterite)

                                                     
The tall building rises high in the sky .            The child is not tall enough to reach the highest shelf .                 

=============================================

  GREAT   : Of outstanding significance or importance; Remarkable or outstanding in magnitude, degree, or extent

                                                       Pablo Casals

 She looks great in that dress.          He lived to a great age (96).                          a great crowd                            a great castle

                                            a great success;     a great deal;     great pleasure;     a great composer

End / Finish

  

 

END  (noun)

   --- the final part of a period of time, event, story     (opposite: beginning)

                -The sun sets at the end of the day  

                -Proverb: All good things must come to an end.   

               -The handsome Prince was married to Sleeping Beauty

               and they lived happily ever after. (this is the end of the fairy tale)  

  ---the farthest part of something

               Turn right at the end of the road.   

                You must go to the end of the queue.        

 END (verb)

         When a situation, an activity ends, it stops.

                     World War II ended in 1945.

                      One in three marriages ends in divorce.

  FINISH (verb)

     --- to bring something to an end

            

            Are you sure you will finish this job by Friday?

         That horse finished second behind favourite Big Brown.

     ---to eat, drink the last of something

           I have finished the coffee, the children have finished the cake

FINISH (noun)

               the finish line: a line marking the end of a race                      

   the final details :  Look at the finish of this chest of drawers!   

“Find a guy who calls you beautiful instead of hot, who calls you back when you hang up on him, who will lie under the stars and listen to your heartbeat, or will stay awake just to watch you sleep... wait for the boy who kisses your forehead, who wants to show you off to the world when you are in sweats, who holds your hand in front of his friends, who thinks you're just as pretty without makeup on. One who is constantly reminding you of how much he cares and how lucky his is to have you.... The one who turns to his friends and says, 'that's her.'”

One baby star wish, she might fly away, in an allureous crampoon.
hide herself from worldly worries on the dark side of the moon,
There's but one thing "she" need before,  float into the blue,
She need a sky companion and  want it her love like a leo.

They fly beyound the storm and They watch from up above,
She cover her leo in rainbows as they feel each other's love,
Leo showers in the stars at midnight in his special place,
She dry him with a comet's tail and kiss his beaming face,

Dreamy drifting panorama, changing every day,
Every night his loving smile will be her milky way,
The moon turns into wane before their , bombsight
For nothing else can challenge their love's everlasting light,

Pole star shining on them, glowig soft at their devotion,
Their love bloom llike moonlight  in love's celestial ocean,
"She" cry with joyess, hugging leo,couldn't hold her tears
Leo hugs her tightly, say darling, please no more worldly fears,

They sleep with clouds as pillow, maybe steal an angel's wings,
They fly as magic lovebirds, or slide round Saturn's rings,
They play and pamper moon and the stars all floating by,
They hook onto a meteor and soar across the sky. 

She choose him to be her mate on their beau celestial ship,
He is ready, heart all packed with love,accept her friendship,
Hold each others hand, forever, they're heading for the sun,
they're flying till, find the place where their two souls are one. 

PREPOSITIONS ARE A CONSTANT CAUSE OF DIFFICULTY AS THERE ARE NO HARD AND FAST RULES TO KNOW THEIR USAGE. WE HAVE TO LEARN AND USE THEM AS THE ENGLSIH PEOPLE DO. THESE ARE SPECIALLY DIFFICULT AFTER ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES, AS THERE IS NO WAY OF KNOWING WHICH PERPOSITION FOLLOWS UNLESS WE HAVE MET THE PHRASE BEFORE AND REMEMBERED IT.  ONLY USEFUL METHOD OF LEARNING THE APPROPRIATE PREPOSITION IS CONSTAT PRACTICE AND THEIR USE IN A CONTEXT. 


ENGLISH HAS MANY PHRASES WHICH ARE MADE UP OF    PREPOSITION+NOUN+PREPOSITION ,
FOR EXAMPLE, TO THE SATISFACTION OF, IN RESPONSE TO,  MOST OF THESE DO NOT CAUSE DIFFICULTY AND DO NOT REQUIRE   EXPLANATION. OTHERS MUST BE NOTED AND DISTINGUISH IT CAREFULLY, AS THEY ARE SIMILAR IN FORM BUT DIFFERENT IN MEANING;  FOR INSTANCE,  WITH RESPECT TO,  IN RESPECT OF, IN THE FACE OF, ON THE FACE OF.  

THERE IS ONE VERY SIMPLE RULE FOR PREPOSITIONS.
"A PREPOSITION IS FOLLOWED BY A "NOUN" IT IS NEVER FOLLOWED BY A "VERB". 

IF WE WANT TO FOLLOW A PREPOSITION BY A "VERB"  WE MUST USE THE "-ING" FORM  WHICH IS REALLY A GERUND OR VERB IN NOU FORM.

  SUBJECT+VERB                    PREPOSITION               NOUN
THE FOOD IS                                             ON                                        THE TABLE
SHE LIVES                                                 IN                                          JAPAN
JANE  IS LOOKING                           FOR                                              YOU
THE LETTER IS                                 UNDER                               YOUR BLUE BOOK
PASCAL IS USED                             TO                                          ENGLISH PEOPLE
I  ATE                                                   BEFORE                                  COMING

                  SOME COMMONLY USED PREPOSITION 
UP
DOWN
NEAR
FAR
BY
AT
AROUND
CLOSE
ALWAYS
ABOUT
ABOVE
ACROSS
AFTER
AGAINST
ALONG
AMONG
BEFORE
BEHIND
BELOW
BENEATH
BESIDE
BETWEEN
BEYOND 
BUT
DESPITE
DOWN
DURING
EXCEPT
FOR
FROM
IN
INSIDE
INTO
LIKE
NEAR
OF
OFF
ON
ONTO
OUT
OUTSIDE
OVER
PAST
SINCE
THROUGH  ETC...................
                         IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONS 
ABSORB IN ( TO OCUUPY FULLY)
HE WAS ABSORBED IN HIS BOOKS.
ABSTAIN FROM ( TO FORBEAR/ TO REFRAIN)
 YOU MUST ABSTAIN FROM GAMBLING.
ACCEDE TO ( AGREE TO)
HE ACCEDED TO MY REQUEST.
ACCOMPAINED BY  (GO WITH)
THE PRINCIPAL WAS ACCOMPANIED BY THE STUDENTS. 

TO BE CONINUED................. 

A  CHILDREN  ARE  BROUGHT  UP  AS    FLOWER
THEIR  LIFE  IS  RUINED  IN  SLUMS  FOREVER
FOR  HELPING  PARENTS,  THEY  BECOME  LABOURER
POOR  CHAPS  HAD  TO  HAD  A  LIFE  MISERABLE
THEY  PICK  UP  THE  CEMENT  BUCKETS  ON  THEIR  SHOULDERS
PICK  AND  CARRY  IN  SOFT  HANDS  THE  GARBAGE  MOULDERS
THOSE  HANDS  WHICH  SHOULD  CARRY  BOOKS  
GET  THERE  CLOTHS  DIRTY  IN  SOIL HOOKS
IN  THE  AGE  OF  PLAYING  WITH  TOYS AND HAPPY  STREAMS
THEY  SACRIFICE  THEIR  CHILDHOOD  'N' RUIN  THEIR  DREAMS
BUT  NO-ONE  HAS  EVER  NOTICED  IT,  IT  SEEMS
GOVT.  IS  DULL,  DEAF  'N'  BLIND  FOR  THEM, SO MEANS
THEY  HAD  LEFT  SUCH  CHILDREN  IN  DARKNESS  OF  HELL,
EVERYONE  IN  PAKISTAN  HAVE  TO  WAKE, ITS A BELL
AS  THERE  ARE  MANY  INITIAL  STEPS  TO  TAKE 
GET  UP  AND  FIGHT  FOR  THE  SAME, NO MORE BAKE
OTHERWISE  PAKISTAN  WILL  HAVE  TO  BE  ASHAMED
STOP  CHILD  LABOUR  AND  DON'T  BE  A BAD NAMED
WITH  LITTLE  EFFORT  OF  OUR  THE  LIFE  OF  SUCH  CHILDREN
CAN  BE  MADE  HEAVEN  SO  HAPPY,   AS  THEY  R'  BRETHREN